영어가 사역적 성질이 강하다 보니 그 반대의 경우가 있습니다.
[무엇을 시키다] 의 반대가 [무엇을 당하다] 입니다.
수동태는 무엇을 당한 상태를 표현하는 것 입니다.


1. 과거분사의 의미

영어에서 과거분사는 과거의 어떤 상태를 표현합니다.

과거 : 과거를 표현
과거분사 : 과거의 상태를 표현

have + 과거분사 : 과거의 상태를 가지고 존재함

I drew a bird on the paper yesterday.
I have drawn a bird on the paper.
(저는 어제 종이에 새를 그렸습니다)

have drawn 은 이미 그려진 상태를 표현합니다.
그래서 [완료, 경험, 계속] 등의 의미를 표현할 수 있습니다.

I have done my work. I have experienced this job. I have lived in Japan for 3 years.

완료 경험 계속

과거분사가 Be 와 결합하면 어떤 상태로 있는 것을 표현합니다.

Be + 과거분사 : 이미 어떤 상태로 존재하고 있는 것

He is killed. = 이미 죽은 상태로 존재함
The treasure is found = 이미 발견되어진 상태로 존재함

여기서 전치사가 문장 뒤에 붙어면 수동태가 됩니다.

He is killed in the field.
In the field he is killed.

The treasure is found on her room.
On her room the treasure is found.

by 전치사는 동작주 전치사입니다.
by : 누구의 의해서

He is killed by me.
The treasure is found by me.

He is killed.
He is killed in the field.
He is killed by me.
(그는 이미 죽은 상태다)
(그는 이미 죽은 상태다 + 들판에서)
(그는 이미 죽은 상태다 + 나에 의해서)

He is killed in the field by me.
He is killed by me in the field.
In the field he is killed by me.

He is killed with knife.
He is killed with knife in the field.
He is killed with knife by me.
He is killed by me with knife.

위의 문장을 능동태로 고치면 아래와 같습니다.

I killed him.
I killed him in the field.
I found the treasure.
I found the treasure on her room.
(제가 그를 죽였습니다)
(제가 그를 들판에서 죽였습니다)
(제가 보물을 발견했습니다)
(제가 그녀의 방에서 보물을 발견했습니다)

이것을 다시 수동태로 고치면 아래와 같습니다.

	I killed him in the field.
⇒	He was killed in the field.
⇒	He was killed by me.
⇒	He was killed in the field by me.

	I found the treasure on her room.
⇒	The treasure was found on her room.
⇒	The treasure was found by me.
⇒	The treasure was found by me on her room.
⇒	On her room the treasure was found by me.

2. 수동태 만드는 방법

① 사역동사의 수동태

참고로 have, let, help 는 수동태가 없습니다.

	I make him fix my car.
⇒	He was made to fix my car.

	I gave money to him to buy car.
⇒	Money was given to him to buy car.

	They forced him to obey.
⇒	He was forced to obey by them.

	I asked him to do the job.
⇒	He was asked to do the job by me.

② 작위동사의 수동태

사라진 to 가 수동태에서는 나타납니다.

	He painted the house green.
⇒	The house was painted to be green.

	They elected him (to be) king of korea.
⇒	He was elected to be king of korea.

	They made me foolish.
⇒	I was made to be foolish.

	He called me (to be) a fool.
⇒	I was called to be a fool.

	They changed me into a foolish man.
⇒	I was changed into a foolish man.

③ 지각동사의 수동태

사라진 to 가 수동태에서는 나타납니다.

	I felt my heart beating wildly.
⇒	My heart was felt to be beating wildly.

	I smell food burning in the kitchen.
⇒	Food was smelt to be burning in the kitchen.

	I watched the boy jump.
⇒	The boy was watched to jump.

감각동사가 that 절을 가진는 수동태는 It is ~ that 라는 구조가 됩니다.
그런데 감각동사의 that 절 수동태는 잘 사용안하는 것 같습니다.

	I see that he is dead.
⇒	It is seen that he is dead.

	I hear that he is dead.
⇒	It is heard that he is dead.

	I felt that this carpet is soft.
⇒	It was felt that this carpet is soft.

④ 사고동사의 수동태

4-1 : to 부정사가 있는 수동태

	I expect you to win the election.
⇒	You are expected to win the election.

	I think Mary to be guilty.
⇒	Mary was thought to be guilty.

	I imagined her as a beautiful girl.
⇒	She was imagined as a beautiful girl by me.

4-2 : that 절이 있는 수동태

	I believe that he is honest.
⇒ (1)	That he is honest is believed by me.
⇒ (2)	It is believed that he is honest.
⇒ (3)	People believe that he is honest.

(1)은 거의 사용하지 않고 주로 (2), (3) 을 주로 사용합니다.


⑤ 고지동사의 수동태

5-1 : to 부정사가 있는 수동태

	He told me to hurry.
⇒	I was told to hurry.

	He said to me to hurry.
⇒	I was said to hurry.

5-2 : that 절이 있는 수동태

that 절을 가지는 고지동사의 수동문은
대부분 It 이나 People 로시작합니다

	He reported that the news is false.
⇒	It is reported that the news is false.

	The judge said that he is guilty.
⇒	It is said that he is guilty.
⇒	People said that he is guilty.

⑥ 감정동사의 수동태

정의동사는 to 부정사와 that 절을 거느리는 경우 거의 수동태를
사용하지 않습니다.
다만 동사가 목적어에 대한 지배력이 강한 경우만 수동태로 사용합니다.

	I love you to study English.
⇒	You are loved to study English. (X)

	I love it that you are beautiful.
⇒	It is loved that you are beautiful. (X)

	People love her.
⇒	She is loved by people. (O)

⑦ 수여동사의 수동태

수여동사의 수동태는 두 가지 형태로 사용이 가능합니다.

	He brought me small car.
⇒	I was brought small car.

	He brought small car to me.
⇒	Small car was brought to me.

	They show me her pictures
⇒	I was shown her pictures.

	They show her pictures to me.
⇒	Her pictures were shown to me.

	He gave you some money.
⇒	You were given some money.

	He gave some money to you.
⇒	Some money was given to you.

⑧ 기타 타동사의 수동태

	He researched the universe there.
⇒	The universe was researched by him there.

	Police pursued the car at high speed.
⇒	The car was pursued by police at high speed.
⇒	The car pursued by police at high speed.

3. 수동태가 안 만들어지는 경우

때리는 사람이 있으면 맞는 사람이 있어야 수동태가 만들어 집니다.

	I hit him with a hammer.
⇒	He was hit by me with a hammer.

아래의 경우처럼 명확한 상관관계가 없는 동사들은
수동태를 만들 수 없습니다.


① 동사의 지배력 또는 상관관계가 약한 경우

	His car collided with my car.	O
⇒	My car collided with his car.	O
⇒	My car was collided with his car.	X

	I negotiated with him.	O
⇒	He negotiated with me.	O
⇒	He was negotiated with me.	X

collide 와 negotiate 같은 부류의 동사들은 동사의 지배력이 약하고
상관관계가 명확하지 않으므로 수동태 구문을 만들 수없습니다.

	My opinion differs from yours.	O
⇒	Your opinion differs from mine.	O
⇒	Your opinion is differed from mine.	X

② 동족목적어인 경우

	He slept a sound sleep.	O
⇒	A sound sleep was slept by him.	X

	They won a glorious victory.	O
⇒	A glorious victory was won by him.	X

위 구문의 특징은 동사와 목적어가 같은 의미를 가지는
단어이기 때문에 수동태 구문을 만들 수 없습니다.

[have/take/make/give + 명사 = 하나의 동사의미] 를
가지는 경우에는 수동태 구문을 만들 수 없습니다.

I had a bath yesterday. = I bathed yesterday.
Have a drink. = drink.
She took a rest in a room. = She rested in a room.
I made a effort to win. = I tried to win.
I gave a smile to her. = I smiled at her.


③ 주어가 스스로 행동하는 경우 : 자동사

주어 자신이 스스로 행동하는 경우는 수동태 구문을 만들 수 없습니다.

	I go to school.	O
⇒	School is gone to by me.	X

	I ran in the street.	O
⇒	The street was run in by me.	X

같은 동사라도 주어 스스로 행동하지 않고 목적어를 가지는
경우는 수동태 구문을 만들 수 있습니다.

	I ran the toy shop.	O
⇒	The toy shop was run by me.	O

4. 타동사의 자동사화 과정

옛날에는 종이 가격이 비싸습니다.
영어는 단어의 길이가 옆으로 길어서 관계대명사나
Be 동사를 생략하는 경향이 있습니다.

	Her conduct surprised him.
⇒	He was surprised by her conduct.
⇒	He was surprised at her conduct.
⇒	He surprised at her conduct.

이러한 현상을 타동사의 자동사화 과정라고 부릅니다.

	He qualified me as a doctor.
⇒	I was qualified by him as a doctor.
⇒	I qualified as a doctor by him.
⇒	I qualified as a doctor.

영어사전에는 이들 동사들이 타동사와 자동사 동시에 사용한다고
표시하지만 Be 동사 생략의 결과이므로 명백히 타동사입니다.

	You worried me about money.
⇒	I was worried about money by you.
⇒	I worried about money by you.
⇒	I worried about money.

5. 형용사와 과거분사 비교

형용사는 본래 명사의 어떤 상태를 표현합니다.

red apple (빨간 사과) , good manner (좋은 태도)

그런데 과거분사도 어떤 상태를 표현하므로 형용사처럼
사용할 수 있습니다.

corrupted man (이미 부패한 남자) ,
grown tree (이미 잘자란 나무)

다만 과거분사가 과거의 어떤 상태를 표현하므로 형용사와
약간의 의미차이는 있습니다.

corrupt man (부패한 남자)
corrupted man (이미 부패한 남자)

[be + 형용사] 처럼 [be + 과거분사] 도 비슷하게 사용할 수 있습니다.

I am pleased to meet you.
I am happy to meet you.

위 두 문장의 의미차이는 거의 없습니다.

	He is intended to stop drinking.
⇒	He is intent to stop drinking.
⇒	He is intended for stopping drinking.
⇒	He is intent on stopping drinking.
	(그는 금주하기로 작정했다)

형용사와 과거분사는 약간의 의미차이가 있지만 거의
비슷하게 사용할 수 있습니다.


6. 관계대명사 생략과 언어의 간결화

과거에는 종이가 비쌌고 영어가 가로로 길어서
관계대명사를 생략하는 경향이 강합니다.

	I smelt food that was burnt in the kitchen.
⇒	I smelt food burnt in the kitchen.

	I regained my book which was stolen by thief.
⇒	I regained my book stolen by thief.

	I catch the thief who is stealing my book.
⇒	I catch the thief stealing my book.

관계대명사 생략은 영어듣기를 무척 어렵게 만듭니다.


7. 능동수동태

영어가 더욱 더 생략이 되면 타동사가 완전히 자동사로 변합니다.

	I opened easily the door.
⇒	The door was opened easily by me.
⇒	The door opened easily by me.
⇒	The door opened easily.

위와 같이 타동사가 완전히 자동사로 변하는 문장을
능동수동태 문장이라고 부릅니다.

	They sold well his book.
⇒	His book was sold well by them.
⇒	His book sold well by them.
⇒	His book sold well.

능동수동태 예문을 몇개 적었습니다.

The rule applies in all cases.
The meat cuts easily.
The mud will brush off well when it is dry.
(그 규칙은 모든 경우에 적용된다)
(그 고기를 잘 잘린다)
(건조해지면 진흙은 솔질로 잘 털린다)


8. get 수동태

미국인들은 습관적으로 구어체에 get을 많이 사용합니다.
get 자체가 약간은 동작적인 의미가 있어서 get 수동태를
동작수동태라고도 부릅니다.

I was hit by a car last night.
I got hit by a car last night.
(어제 밤에 차에 치였습니다)

동작수동태라고 이름을 붙였지만 실제 내막은 다릅니다.
미국이 본시 이민으로 만들어진 나라고 미국국적을 가진
사람들 가운데 상당수가 표준영어문법을 잘 몰라서
구어체에서 무조건 get 을 사용하는 경향이 강합니다.

The treasure was found by him.
The treasure got found by him.
(그 보물은 그에게 발견되었습니다)

John was married to Mary.
John got married to Mary.
(John은 Mary와 결혼했습니다)


9. become 수동태

become 도 가끔은 수동태로 사용합니다.

I am annoyed by him.
I become annoyed by him.
(나는 그에게 짜증이 난다)

The man was separated from his tour group.
The man became separated from his tour group.
The man separated from his tour group.
(남자는 그의 여행그룹으로부터 분리되었다)


10. 진행수동태 : be being + 과거분사

자주 사용하지는 않지만 진행형 문장도 수동태로 만들 수 있습니다.

	He is reading the book.
⇒	The book is being read by him.

	They was forcing him to obey.
⇒	He was being forced to obey by them.

대부분의 경우 관계대명사 생략처럼 being도 생략되어서
진행수동태는 잘 사용하지 않습니다.

The book is read by him.
He was forced to obey by them.


11. 완료수동태 : have been + 과거분사

진행수동태와 완료수동태는 문어체 문장이고 실제로
잘 사용하지 않습니다.

	I have finished my work.
⇒	My work has been finished by me.

	He had painted the roof red.
⇒	The roof had been painted to be red by him.
⇒	The roof had been painted to be red.
⇒	The roof had been painted red.

일반수동태와 다르게 완료수동태는 과거부터 지금까지
계속된 것을 의미합니다.

The wine is made by them.
(지금 : 와인이 만들어진 상태)

The wine has been made by them.
(과거부터 지금까지 : 와인이 만들어진 상태)

The wine had been made in 1900.
(먼 과거부터 1900년 까지 : 와인이 만들어진 상태)